Interactions of warming and altered nutrient load timing on the phenology of oxygen dynamics in Chesapeake Bay

The effects of nutrient loading on estuaries are well studied, given the multitude of negative water quality and ecosystem effects that have been attributed to excess nitrogen and phosphorus. A current gap in this knowledge involves the sensitivity of seasonal cycles of estuarine biogeochemical processes to direct (warming) and indirect influences (nutrient load timing) of climate change. We used a coupled hydrologic–biogeochemical model to investigate changes in the phenology of hypoxia and related biogeochemical processes in Chesapeake Bay under three different hydrologic regimes. Shifts to earlier nutrient load timing during idealized simulations reduced the overall annual hypoxic volume, resulting from discernable, but relatively small reductions in phytoplankton biomass and both sediment and water-column respiration. Simulated increases in water temperature caused an increase in spring/early summer hypoxic volume associated with elevated respiration rates, but an associated exhaustion of organic matter in the early summer caused a decrease in late summer/fall hypoxic volume due to lowered respiration. Warming effects on hypoxia were larger than nutrient timing effects in scenarios where warming was restricted to spring and when it was applied to all months of the year. These idealized simulations begin the process of understanding the potential impacts of future climatic changes in the seasonal timing of key biogeochemical processes associated with eutrophication.     

Potential health hazard of drinking water in restaurants and tea stalls

Potable and equitable drinking water (DW) is a fundamental human right and essential for human health. This study is conducted to assess the groundwater and jar water quality of the roadside restaurants and tea stalls used for drinking by the local people around the Gazipur City area in Bangladesh. Water samples from 173 restaurants and tea stalls are collected. The physico-chemical and biological parameters are analyzed according to the guidelines and standards. The results illustrate that the color, EC, and Mn of 41%, 80%, and 62% of the samples, respectively, exceed the WHO and Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) standards. In addition, E. coli and total coliform exceeding the threshold standards are found in 47% and 64% of the water samples, respectively. The contamination of DW by fecal coliforms is confirmed and supported by prior studies, which indicates that the DW supplied in restaurants and tea stalls are unsafe because of the possible presence of pathogens. These may cause potential health hazards to consumers from various water-borne diseases. Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices, and improper disposal of wastewater are responsible for the microbial contamination of DW. So, the authorities in charge of these places should take the right regulatory steps, such as regular sanitation inspections, DW quality monitoring, hand-washing practices, and better sanitation in these places.     

2006—2016年我国工亡率趋势变化及其地区差异研究——基于工伤保险数据

为了解决目前国内现有工亡率数据所存在的局限性问题，引入我国工伤保险数据，并在此基础上分析2006—2016年我国及各地区的工亡率变化趋势， 进而运用泰尔指数分析法测算全国及各地区的工亡率地区差异。研究结果表明:2006—2016年，我国总体工亡率呈下降趋势，但整体水平仍偏高；西部明显高于东、中部，但东、中、西部之间的工亡率差异在缩小；东部、中部和西部内部各省市之间的差异还比较大。最后，提出设定管控工亡率指标时要注重追求本质上的进步，各地应采取措施解决不平衡的问题，完善标准化工亡报告制度，选择更高水平的国际对标体系。     

添加剩余活性污泥无害化处理含油钻屑

采用剩余活性污泥对废弃含油钻屑进行无害化处理。考察了加入剩余活性污泥后混合物料中微生物浓度、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、总石油烃(TPH)含量和组分的变化,并对降解后混合物料的生物毒性进行了评价。实验结果表明:加入剩余活性污泥后,总细菌浓度保持在较高水平;碱解氮含量逐渐减少后保持稳定,有效磷含量在一定范围内波动,整体略有增加;剩余活性污泥的加入量为20%～60%(w)时, TPH去除率均达到74%以上,远高于未添加剩余活性污泥的对照组(28.8%);剩余活性污泥的添加能有效促进微生物对含油钻屑中TPH的降解及氮元素的转化,添加50%(w)以上的剩余活性污泥能使处理后含油钻屑的生物毒性更低,更有利于含油钻屑的无害化处理。     

Decomposition analysis of the effects of vehicle safety technologies on the motor vehicle collision–related mortality rate from 1994 to 2015

Abstract

Objective: Though the mortality rate for motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) has been decreasing since the 1960s with the advent of the first federal seat belt laws in 1968, MVC remains a leading cause of death for individuals aged 1 to 44 years. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of frontal (FABs) and side airbags (SABs) and electronic stability control (ESC) on the components of the MVC mortality rate.

Methods: The MVC mortality rate from 1994 to 2015 was separated into its components of exposure of vehicles, exposure of travel, collision density, injury incidence, and case fatality rate. Year was categorized on the availability of safety technology in vehicles: 1994–1997 (first-generation FABs mandated), 1998–2001 (sled-certified, second-generation FABs mandated), 2002–2006 (increasing prevalence of SABs and ESC), 2007–2011 (advanced airbags mandated), and 2012–2015 (ESC mandated, SAB in over 90% of vehicles, introduction of advanced safety systems). Relative contributions (RCs) of the components to changes in the MVC-related mortality rate were calculated as the absolute value of the component’s beta coefficient divided by the sum of the absolute values of all components’ beta coefficients. Negative binomial regression–estimated rate ratios (RRs) for the changes in the rate of each component by year category compared to the prior year category.

Results: Significant decreases in the MVC mortality rate were observed for 2007–2011 and 2012–2015. The decrease in 2007–2011 was due in most part to an 18% decrease in the injury incidence (RR?=?0.82, P?<?.0001, RC?=?63%), though there was a noted contribution by the decrease in vehicle miles traveled (RR?=?0.95, P?<?.0001, RC?=?15%). The continued decrease in mortality in 2012–2015 was due is most part to the 10% decreased case fatality rate (RR?=?0.90, P?<?.0001, RC?=?66%) because there was no significant change in the vehicle miles traveled and injury incidence.

Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the effects of vehicle safety technologies on the MVC-related mortality rate and can help direct prevention efforts. Through the study period, there was no meaningful contribution to decreases in the MVC-related mortality rate due to components related to exposure (i.e., vehicles per population and the rate of vehicle miles traveled), suggesting that prevention efforts at decreasing exposure prevalence would have little effect on the MVC-related mortality rate. Instead, prevention efforts should continue to focus on event-phase methods to decrease injury occurrence and mitigate injury severity during the collision.     

不同去除浊度方法对水中总磷测定影响的比较

本文研究了去除浊度方法的不同是否会导致各监测单位测定结果可比性差异。首先,通过在线自动监测仪器法和实验室钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中总磷浓度的比对实验所得出的监测数据结果发现,两者的结果误差较小,说明自动监测仪器分析结果与常规实验室手工法测定结果基本一致,未发现可比性差异,同样稳定可靠。同时,通过实验系统研究了手工法中应用浊度-色度补偿法、过滤法及离心法等去除浊度干扰的前处理方法,实验结果表明:三种分析方法测定结果基本一致,精密度和加标回收率均符合质量控制要求,测定结果无显著差异。     

地表水总磷测定中现场前处理方式及分析方法比对研究

针对目前地表水总磷测定中样品采集和分析过程普遍存在的技术问题,选取多泥沙河流(长江、黄河)、感潮河段(浙闽片区)、湖库(太湖流域) 3类典型水体的多个点位,以及代表一般河流(除多泥沙河流和感潮河段以外的河流)水体的点位为研究对象,探讨不同现场前处理方式和分析方法对总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明:现场前处理方式是影响总磷测定结果的主要因素,总磷浓度与浊度呈正相关。对于地表水采样,建议一般河流(沉降30 min后,浊度50 NTU)采用沉降30 min的现场前处理方式,泥沙含量大的水体(沉降30 min后,浊度≥50 NTU)采用4000 r/min离心2 min的现场前处理方式,多藻类湖库水体采用63μm筛过滤的现场前处理方式。可通过浊度色度补偿消除实验室比色干扰。     

碳排放权交易机制能否兼顾企业效益与绿色效率?

基于碳减排治理全球变暖的碳排放权交易机制,探讨了碳交易能否兼顾企业效益与绿色效率,及企业减碳优化策略。通过匹配2006—2017年中国上市公司及所在地区数据,首先运用双重差分方法,总体衡量碳交易对企业要素投入产出及全要素生产率的影响。然后运用平行趋势、滞后两期、工具变量及安慰剂,检验碳交易双效模型的稳健性,并利用三重差分检验是否存在因企业性质不同而造成差异化影响。最后运用中介与调节效应方法,检验碳交易与全要素生产率的中介效应,并考察了绿色创新、市场化与政府补贴影响下有调节的中介作用。实证结果显示:碳交易对绿色全要素生产率、企业全要素生产率均有显著负向影响。碳交易促进碳减排,导致营业成本增加、劳动生产率降低,但同时也显著正向影响资本生产率,促进企业利润与收入增长。绿色全要素生产率在绿色创新、市场化和政府补贴显著的调节影响下,对碳交易与企业全要素生产率的关系起到部分中介作用。研究表明,碳交易在一定条件下能够实现绿色效率和企业效益双赢,碳交易的作用在于依次实现碳减排、企业全要素生产率提升和绿色全要素生产率提升,而绿色效率和企业效益协同尚处于“遵循成本”阶段。因此,要建立一套集市场化、政府奖惩和绿色创新为核心的碳交易体系,进一步健全绿色低碳的激励约束机制,加强绿色创新补偿,增强企业自主研发和协同创新能力,提升绿色技术转化率,优化绿色产业结构,完善配套环保标准和管理规范,诱导企业完成“创新补偿”的蜕变。     

一起110 kV变压器高温过热故障综合分析及诊断

讲述了一起110 kV电力变压器内部发生高温过热故障后的分析和诊断过程,文章通过多种溶解气体分析法如特征气体法、三比值法、四比值法、总烃安伏法等对故障进行分析,准确判断了故障类型、严重程度,并准确判断出故障的大概发生部位,从而对设备的运行及检修提出策略参考,并在设备解体中印证了检修前的分析和判断,确保了设备和电网的安全稳定运行。     

全玻璃针筒注射器保存空气中甲烷和总烃的影响因素

采用全玻璃针筒取样/保存、双通道双毛细管柱测定非甲烷总烃分析方法,以甲烷标准气体样品、标准气体样品(TO-14、TO-15),以及3种实际环境空气样品为例,考察了全玻璃针筒注射器取样保存影响检测结果的若干因素。结果表明,样品的保存时间取决于以下因素:(1)样品性质,不同类型样品的保存时间差异大,化学反应活性强的样品,其总烃含量呈现先升高后降低趋势,甲烷则相对稳定;(2)样品浓度水平,相同条件下相同类型样品,浓度高的保存时间短于低浓度样品,如与环境空气浓度相仿的样品保存时间可超过60 h;(3)保存环境的避光程度,对于同一种VOCs标准气体样品,避光、半避光、非避光保存样品回收率迥异,趋势差别极大,对于部分样品即便是避光保存仍发现回收率变化极大;(4)全玻璃材质注射器的气密性,需对照技术规范要求,进行气密性的检查。